Anubias afzelii

Anubias afzelii, commonly known as the Congo Anubias, is a fantastic plant for anyone starting in the aquarium hobby. Its tough, dark green, spear-shaped leaves make it a beautiful and durable addition to your tank. One of its best features is that you don't plant it in the gravel. Instead, you attach it to driftwood or rocks using fishing line or aquarium-safe glue. Be careful not to bury the thick, horizontal stem (called a rhizome), as this will cause the plant to rot.

This Anubias is not demanding at all. It does well in typical aquarium lighting and doesn't need any special CO2 gas injection to thrive. Because it grows very slowly, you won't need to prune it often, making it very low-maintenance. This slow growth also means it doesn't pull a lot of waste out of the water, so you still need a good filter. It's happy in a wide range of water conditions, making it compatible with most community fish like tetras, barbs, and livebearers. Its sturdy leaves can also stand up to plant-nibbling fish like some cichlids and goldfish, making it a more robust choice than delicate-stemmed plants.

Anubias afzelii, also marketed as Lance Leaf Anubias, is a classic and highly resilient epiphyte originating from the shaded riverbanks of West Africa. Its 'easy' rating is well-deserved due to its remarkable adaptability. It tolerates a wide spectrum of water parameters, from soft and acidic to hard and alkaline, making it suitable for almost any freshwater setup without requiring a significant adjustment period. Its minimal lighting requirement means it can be placed in lower, shaded areas of an aquascape, beneath larger plants or overhangs, which also helps to mimic its natural environment and can reduce the incidence of algae.

As an epiphyte, proper planting is the most critical factor for success. The plant's primary organ for nutrient storage and new growth is its rhizome, a thick, fleshy stem from which both leaves and roots emerge. This rhizome must remain exposed to the water column. Burying it in substrate is the most common cause of failure, leading to a condition known as 'rhizome rot.' The best practice is to affix the plant to hardscape using cyanoacrylate super glue (gel type works best) or by tying it loosely with cotton thread or fishing line. The fine, wiry roots will eventually anchor themselves firmly to the surface.

Its extremely slow growth rate is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it requires virtually no trimming and maintains its shape for years, making it an ideal 'plant-it-and-forget-it' species for midground and background structure. On the other hand, its static leaves can become a prime surface for spot algae, especially in tanks with high lighting or excess nutrients. To mitigate this, ensure good water circulation around the leaves and consider placing it in lower-light zones. Introducing algae-eaters like otocinclus catfish or Amano shrimp can also keep the leaves clean. Propagation is straightforward: simply use a sharp, sterile blade to cut the rhizome into sections, ensuring each piece has at least three to four healthy leaves and some roots. It is not an effective nitrate-reducing plant due to its slow metabolism, and should be considered an aesthetic component rather than a primary biological filter.

Anubias afzelii is a monocotyledonous flowering plant belonging to the Araceae family, a group commonly known as aroids. Its classification places it among other well-known semi-aquatic and bog plants. Morphologically, a key identifying feature is its lanceolate leaf shape, where the leaf blades are significantly longer than they are wide, tapering to a point. These leaves, supported by long petioles, emerge alternately from a robust, creeping rhizome. The leaf texture is coriaceous (leathery), a result of a thick cuticle that provides physical defense against herbivory and desiccation, explaining its suitability for tanks with moderately destructive fish and its ability to thrive emersed.

Physiologically, A. afzelii exhibits adaptations for a low-energy environment. Its slow growth is indicative of a low metabolic rate. While not a true Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plant, it exhibits CAM-like tendencies, with some gas exchange occurring at night to conserve energy and carbon in its CO2-limited submersed environment. This efficient carbon-use strategy is why it does not require supplemental CO2 injection. Nutrient uptake occurs through both its roots and leaves directly from the water column, though this process is slow and reflects the plant's low overall demand.

Reproduction in situ occurs both vegetatively through rhizome fragmentation and sexually. Like other aroids, its inflorescence consists of a spadix (a spike of minute flowers) enclosed by a spathe (a leaf-like bract). While flowering is common in emersed cultivation, it is rare in fully submersed aquarium conditions. The species is heterophyllous, meaning its emersed and submersed leaf forms can exhibit slight morphological differences. Its IUCN status of 'Least Concern' (LC) indicates a widespread and stable wild population across its native range in West Africa, where it typically colonizes the margins of streams and rivers in shaded, forested areas. This ecological niche directly informs its preference for low-flow and low-light conditions in an aquarium setting.